Die 10 aktuellsten Einträge aus Sicherheitsanforderungen

Auf dieser Seite finden Sie die letzten 10 Einträge, die ich im Bereich Sicherheitsanforderungen eingestellt habe.

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Anhang I Nr. 1.2.5 verlangt die Installation eines Betriebsartenwahlschalters, wenn bei einer Maschine mehrere Steuerungs- oder Betriebsarten mit unterschiedlichen Schutzmaßnahmen und/oder Arbeitsverfahren möglich sind. Der Betriebsartenwahlschalter erlaubt es zwischen den Schutzmaßnahmen umzuschalten, die auf die jeweilige Betriebsart abgestimmt sind. Neben dem Normalbetrieb ist eine dieser Betriebsarten z. B. der Einrichtbetrieb.

In verschiedenen Betriebsarten müssen regelmäßig Schutzmaßnahmen, die im Normalbetrieb verwendet werden, ausgeschaltet werden. Zum Einrichten kann es z. B. notwendig sein, dass der Bediener im inneren Bereich der Maschine, d. h. hinter den eigentlichen Schutzeinrichtungen, arbeiten muss. Er muss dabei unter Umständen den laufenden Prozess der Maschine beobachten, um die optimale Einstellung der Maschine zu finden. Auch wenn für diese Lebensphase der Maschine nur besonders geschultes Personal eingesetzt wird, müssen hier die abgestufte Maßnahmen nach dem Konzept der integrierten Sicherheit beachtet werden – siehe Anhang I, Nr. 1.1.2. des Anhang I der Maschinenrichtlinie. Die vorgegebene Rangfolge ist in jeder Betriebsart einzuhalten:

  1. Risiken konstruktiv beseitigen / minimieren

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EU-Guide "§ 198 Multiple operating positions"

§ 198 Multiple operating positions

The last paragraph of section 1.2.2 applies to machinery provided with two or more operating positions that can be used simultaneously. This is typically the case for assemblies of machinery where different constituent units of the assembly have their own operating position – see §38: comments on the fourth indent of Article 2 (a). The overall control system of such an assembly and the attribution of control functions to the different operating positions must be designed so that commands given at one operating position do not hinder or create a hazardous situation for operators at other operating positions. Particular precautions must be taken if the operation of one element of the assembly automatically starts the operation of another element – see §199: comments on section 1.2.3.

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EU-Guide "§ 197 Multiple control positions"

§ 197 Multiple control positions

The requirements set out in the eighth paragraph of section 1.2.2 concerns machinery provided with two or more control positions intended to be used in turn, either by a single operator or by two or more operators, to carry out different tasks or control the machinery during different phases of its operation. In order to avoid confusion or contradictory commands, the control devices at each control position must be linked to the control system in such a way that the use of one control position precludes the use of the others, except for stop controls and emergency stops.

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EU-Guide "§ 196 Location of control positions"

§ 196 Location of control positions

The requirement set out in the seventh paragraph of section 1.2.2 aims to ensure that the position from which the operator controls the operation of the machinery is outside the danger zones of the machinery and located, as far as possible, so that the operator can ensure that other persons are not exposed to risks.

Particular attention should be given to this requirement when considering the use of moveable control devices such as pendant controls or remote controls. The risk assessment must take account of the risk that the operator may control the machinery from a hazardous position, such as, for example, a zone where there is a risk of being crushed or hit by falling or ejected objects.

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EU-Guide "§ 195 Visibility of danger zones during starting"

§ 195 Visibility of danger zones during starting

In accordance with section 1.1.2 (b), the first measure should be the elimination or reduction of the risk, for example, by designing the machinery so that persons do not need to enter the danger zones of the machinery – see §239: comments on section 1.6.1 – or by fitting guards and/or protective devices to detect the presence of persons in the danger zone and prevent starting as long as persons are present. But such measures are not always possible.

If there is a risk that persons may enter the danger zones, the requirement set out in the fifth and sixth paragraphs of section 1.2.2 aim to enable the operator to ensure that no-one is in the danger zones of the machinery before starting the machinery. The persons concerned may be other production operators or other exposed persons such as maintenance operators. In the case of danger zones in the environment of the machinery, the possible exposed persons may include bystanders – see §165: comments on section 1.1.1 (b).

If it is not possible to design the machinery so that the operator controlling the start of the machinery has adequate direct vision of the danger zones from the control position, indirect vision aids can be provided, such as, for example, mirrors or closed circuit television (CCTV).


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EU-Guide "§ 194 Indicators and displays"

§ 194 Indicators and displays

The requirement set out in the fourth paragraph of section 1.2.2 requires machinery to be fitted with the necessary indicators to enable operators to carry out their various tasks. These include, for example, indicators to inform operators on the value of the relevant parameters of the machinery (such as, for example, the speed, load, temperature or pressure of parts of the machinery) and on the effects of their action on the control devices, when this is not obvious.

Indicators may also provide warnings to operators when the relevant parameters exceed the safe range of values. Such indicators may be associated with limiting devices that trigger certain actions when safe parameters are exceeded. The indicators may also be used in combination with a specific mode of operation such as low speed or incremental operation.

Commonly used indicators include digital displays and screens, analogical displays such as dials and gauges, as well as tactile and auditory indicators. Indicators can be an integral part of the control devices themselves or independent. If they are independent, they must be designed and positioned so that they can be easily read and understood by the operators from the control position when using the related control devices. In particular, indicators must be designed to facilitate the rapid detection of abnormal behaviour of the machinery.


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EU.Guide "§ 193 Control devices and ergonomic principles"

§ 193 Control devices and ergonomic principles

The requirement set out in the third paragraph of section 1.2.2 implies that the characteristics of control devices must take account of the various parameters of the operators' tasks, including, for example:

  • the accuracy required in positioning the control device;
  • the speed of setting required;
  • the force required to operate the device.

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EU-Guide "§ 192 Control devices to perform different actions"

§ 192 Control devices to perform different actions

The requirement set out in the second paragraph of section 1.2.2 applies where a single control device is able to control several different functions.

For example, certain control devices may perform different actions depending on the operating or control mode selected. Control devices may perform different actions depending on the interchangeable equipment fitted to the machinery. Certain joy-stick type control devices can control different actions by means of fore and aft movements, side to side movements and twisting movements, and the effects of the different movements of the joy-stick can be varied using top buttons or trigger switches incorporated in the device.

Use of such control devices can facilitate the control of certain categories of machinery by reducing the number and amplitude of the necessary hand and arm movements. However, it is particularly important when designing such devices to ensure that the effects of the various movements of the device are clearly identified and that the devices are designed to avoid confusion between the different actions that can be performed. Where necessary to avoid confusion, two separate actions must be necessary to control a given function.


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EU-Guide "§ 191 Strength of control devices"

§ 191 Strength of control devices

The requirement set out in the seventh indent of section 1.2.2 concerns the mechanical strength of control devices. Breakage of control devices can result in a hazardous situation due to the inability to control the function concerned. Such a breakage can also itself result in injury.

In applying this requirement, the foreseeable conditions of use during the different phases of the foreseeable lifetime of the machinery and the different tasks and operating modes involved must be taken into account – see §207: comments on section 1.3.2. This is particularly important for emergency stop devices which have to be operated rapidly and are often designed to be hit – see §202: comments on section 1.2.4.3.

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EU-Guide "§ 190 Preventing inadvertent operation of control devices"

§ 190 Preventing inadvertent operation of control devices

The requirement set out in the sixth indent of section 1.2.2 aims to avoid inadvertent operation of control devices. Inadvertent operation can result from various causes, such as, for example, accidental contact between a part of the operator's body or of his or her clothing and a control device, unintentional operation of two adjacent control devices (for example, pushing two buttons or levers with one hand or two pedals with one foot), a control device being caught on an obstacle in the environment of the machinery or use of a control device as a hand hold for access to the operating position – see §317: comments on section 3.4.5.

Such risks must be assessed for the different phases of the foreseeable lifetime of the machinery, taking account of the operators' tasks and the corresponding operation modes, and must be prevented by appropriate design measures. Such measures include, for example:

  • designing the control devices with sufficient resistance to avoid inadvertent operation by slight pressure;

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